Web Survey Bibliography
This article investigates estimation of finite population totals in the presence of univariate or multivariate auxiliary information. Estimation is equivalent to attaching weights to the survey data. We focus attention on the several weighting systems that can be associated with a given amount of auxiliary information and derive a weighting system with the aid of a distance measure and a set of calibration equations. We briefly mention an application to the case in which the information consists of known marginal counts in a two- or multi-way table, known as generalized raking. The general regression estimator (GREG) was conceived with multivariate auxiliary information in mind. Ordinarily, this estimator is justified by a regression relationship between the study variable y and the auxiliary vector x. But we note that the GREG can be derived by a different route by focusing instead on the weights. The ordinary sampling weights of the kth observation is 1/π<sub>k</sub>, where π<sub>k</sub> is the inclusion probability of k. We show that the weights implied by the GREG are as close as possible, according to a given distance measure, to the 1/π<sub>k</sub> while respecting side conditions called calibration equations. These state that the sample sum of the weighted auxiliary variable values must equal the known population total for that auxiliary variable. That is, the calibrated weights must give perfect estimates when applied to each auxiliary variables and the study variable means that the weights that perform well for the auxiliary variable also should perform well for the study variable. The GREG uses the auxiliary information efficiently, so the estimates are precise; however, the individual weights are not always without reproach. For example, negative weights can occur, and in some applications this does not make sense. It is natural to seek the root of the dissatisfaction in the underlying distance measure. Consequently, we allow alternative distance measures that satisfy only a set of minimal requirements. Each distance measure leads, via the calibration equations, to a specific weighting system and thereby to a new estimator. These estimators form a family of calibration estimators. We show that the GREG is a first approximation to all other members of the family; all are asymptotically equivalent to the GREG, and the variance estimator already known for the GREG is recommended for use in any other member of the family. Numerical features of the weights and ease of computation become more than anything else the bases for choosing between the estimators. The reasoning is applied to calibration on known marginals of a two-way frequency table. Our family of distance measures leads in this case to a family of generalized raking procedures, of which classical raking ratio is one.
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Web survey bibliography (4086)
- How to conduct self-administered and mail surveys; 1995; Bourque, L. B., Fielder, E. P.
- Alternative methods of presenting bi-polar scales in telephone interviews: 1 to 7 vs. -3 to +3 and neutral...; 1995; Schaeffer, N. C., Baker, K.
- A review of the 1992 VRS Exit Poll; 1995; Mitofsky, W. J., Edelman, M.
- The role of computer-based test interpretation (CBTI) in occupational assessment; 1995; Bartram, D.
- The effects of alternative methods of collecting similarity data for multidimensional scaling; 1995; Bijmolt, T. H. A., Wedel, M.
- The Prodigy Experiment in Using e-Mail for Tracking Public Opinion; 1995; Werner, J., Maisel, R., Robinson, K.
- Computer-assisted Personal Interviewing: An Experimental Evaluation of Data Quality and Cost; 1995; Baker, R. P., Bradburn, N. M., Johnson, R. A.
- Method of psychological assessment, self disclosure, and experiential differences: A study of computer...; 1995; Loke, S. D., Gilbert, B. O.
- Respondent preferences toward audio-CASI and how that affects data quality; 1995; Kinsey, S. H., Thornberry, J. S., Carson, C. P., Duffer, A. P.
- Focus groups on the Internet: an interesting idea but not a good one; 1995; Greenbaum, T.
- An Exploratory-Study of The Perceived Benefits of Electronic Bulletin Board Use and Their Impact on...; 1995; Wotring, C. E., Forrest E. J., James, M. L.
- The interactive effects of monetary incentive justification and questionnaire length on mail survey...; 1994; Biner, P.M; Kidd, H.J
- The Impact of Topic Interest on Mail Survey Response Behaviour; 1994; Martin, C.
- The numeric values of rating scales: A comparison of their impact in mail surveys and telephone interviews...; 1994; Schwarz, N., Hippler, H. J.
- A comparison of vertical and horizontal rating scales; 1994; Friedman, L. W., Friedman, H.
- Decentralised CATI Versus Paper and Pencil Interviewing: Effects on the Results in the Swedish Labour...; 1994; Bergman, L. R., Kristiansson, K.-E., Olofsson, A., Safstrom, M.
- Audio and Video Computer Assisted Self-Interviewing: Preliminary Tests of New Technologies for Data...; 1994; O'Reilly, J. M., Hubbard, M. L., Lessler, J. T., Biemer, P. P., Turner, C. F.
- Touch-tone data entry for household surveys: Research findings and possible applications; 1994; McKay, R. B., Robon, E. L., Malik, A. B.
- Estimating the effect of incentives on mail survey response rates: A meta-analysis; 1993; Church, A. H.
- The biasing effect of scale-checking styles on response to a Likert scale; 1993; Friedman, H., Herskovitz, P. J., Pollack, S.
- SUMI: the Software Usability Measurement Inventory; 1993; Kirakowski, J., Corbett, M.
- Generalized raking procedures in survey sampling; 1993; Deville, J. C., Sarndal, C. E., Sautory, O.
- Discovery-oriented consumer research; 1993; Wells, W. D.
- Case Management and Communications for Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing; 1993; Nicholls II, W. L., Kindel, K. K.
- The Use of CAPI for Attitude Surveys: An Experimental Comparison with Traditional Methods; 1993; Martin, J., O'Muircheartaigh, C., Curtice, J.
- Management of Computer Assisted Interviews in the Netherlands; 1993; Hofman, P. M. B., Keller, W. J.
- Computer Assisted Survey Methods (CASM) at OPCS and some current issues in the use of Blaise for the...; 1992; Manners, T., Bennet, N.
- Understanding the decision to participate in a survey; 1992; Groves, R. M.; Cialdini, R.B.; Couper, M. P.
- Serial context effects in survey interviews; 1992; Daamen, D. D. L., de Bie, S.
- Report on feeling thermometer for "moderates"; 1992; Brady, H. E.
- Context effects: State of the past/State of the art; 1992; Schuman, H.
- Calibration estimators in survey sampling; 1992; Deville, J. C., Sarndal, C.-E.
- Best pracices in disk-by-mail surveys; 1992; Witt, K. J., Bernstein, S.
- Data Quality in Mail, Telephone and Face to Face Surveys; 1992; De Leeuw, E. D.
- Effect of Questionnaire Design on the Quality of Survey Data; 1992; Sanchez, M. E.
- Computer-Assisted Survey Information Collection: A Review of CASIC Methods and Their Implications for...; 1992; Weeks, M. F.
- New Technology in Survey Research: Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI); 1992; Baker, R. P.
- Response-Order Effects in Likert-Type Scales; 1991; Chan, J. C.
- Understanding Mail Survey Response Behaviour. A Meta Analysis ; 1991; Skinner, S.J.; Childers, T.L.; Yammarino, F.J.
- Mode effects of cognitively designed recall questions: A comparison of answers to telephone and mail...; 1991; Dillman, D. A., Tarnai, J.
- Towards a response model in establishment surveys; 1991; Edwards, W. S., Cantor, D.
- The design and analysis of reinterview: An overview; 1991; Forsman, G., Schreiner, I.
- Response-time measurement in survey research. A method for CATI and a new look at nonattitudes; 1991; Bassili, J. N., Fletcher, J. F.
- Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation; 1991; Markus, H. R., Kitayama, S.
- Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys; 1991; Krosnick, J. A.
- Dimensional analysis of ranking data; 1990; Brady, H. E.
- A study of procedures to identify and trim extreme sampling weights; 1990; Potter, F.
- Sampling Design for a Monitoring Plan for CATI Interviewing; 1990; Chapman, D. W., Weinstein, R. B.
- Measuring Nonresponse and Refusals to an Electronic Telephone Survey; 1990; Havice, M. J.
- Response Effects in Mail Surveys; 1990; Ayidiya, S. A., McClendon, M. J.